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Risk of Bias
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ACROSS STUDIES
CONSIDERATIONS GRADE
Most information is from studies No apparent limitations No serious limitations, do not at low risk of bias downgrade
Most information is from studies at low or unclear risk of bias
Potential limitations are unlikely to lower confidence in the estimate of effect.
Potential limitations are likely to lower confidence in the estimate of effect
No serious limitations, do not downgrade
The proportion of information from studies at high risk of bias is sufficient to affect the interpretation of results
Crucial limitation for one criterion, or some limitations for multiple criteria, sufficient to lower confidence in the estimate of effect.
Crucial limitation for one or more criteria sufficient to substantially lower confidence in the estimate of effect
Serious limitations, downgrade one level
Serious limitations, downgrade one level
Very serious limitations, downgrade two levels
Brożek http://gdt.guidelinedevelopment.org/app/handbook/handbook.html
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