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Eliminating risk factors
• Heat exposure
• Occupational:
• Recreational:(Hotbaths,Jaccuzzi,Sauna,Hammam)
• Sport(Cyclingrunning,cardio‐training...) preferswimming • Obesity:diet,moderatephysicalactivity
• Varicocele:sugery/embolization
• Cryptorchidism:orchidopexia,largeunderwear,
• Laptops
• Leukocytospermia/genital tract infection/inflammation (epididymitis) Antibiotics, anti‐inflammatory drugs
• General illness: recurrent fever, chronic general inflammatory disease (cystic fibrosis...): specific treatment
• Toxins
• Smoking
• Pesticides...
• Post‐ejaculation interval: frequent ejaculation > short interval before ART
In clinical practice
• Detecting risk factors for increased sperm DNA fragmentation
• Measuring sperm DNA fragmentation index
• Eliminating risk factors
• Antioxidant treatment
• Checking DNA fragmentation index before ART
• Selecting sperms with lowest DFI for ART.
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