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Changing Viral Epidemiology: a question of time
• Viruses have been with(in) us for a long time3,4
• An Endogenous Foamy‐like Viral Element in the Coelacanth Genome:
Guan‐Zhu Han, Michael Worobey; PLOS Pathogens, June 28, 2012
• Coevolutionary conflicts with the exogenous precursors of HERVs may have resulted in sequence modifications in human antiretroviral genes such as APOBEC3H and TRIM5α
• HERVs have contributed to the formation of extensively duplicated duplicon blocks that make up the HLA class 1 family of genes
• All in all, the virus‐like components of the human genome amount to almost half of our DNA
Changing Viral Epidemiology: 100 years‐ the past!14
• Smallpox, which is said to have killed more people than all the wars in history. The eradication of smallpox was therefore a triumph of public health
• Polio:wasonceconsideredoneofthemostfeareddiseasesintheUnited States. In the early 1950s, before polio vaccines were available, polio outbreaks caused more than 15,000 cases of paralysis each year in the United States alone. Today, polio continues to circulate only in three countries: Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria.
• Measles. Measles vaccine was licensed in the United States in 1963. During 1958‐1962, an average of 503,282 measles cases and 432 measles‐ associated deaths were reported each year. Measles incidence and deaths began to decline in 1965 and continued a 33‐year downward trend. This trend was interrupted by epidemics in 1970‐1972, 1976‐1978, and 1989‐ 1991.
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