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Within family differences
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Few differences identified between lesbian or gay and heterosexual families but variation within lesbian and gay families in children’s well‐ being
Factors associated with positive and negative outcomes for children include quality of couple’s relationship and quality of parenting
– The same in all family types
Degree of stigma to which children are exposed – Specific to children with same‐sex parents
Stigmatisation
• Bullying and rejection less prevalent but low level stigmatisation still exists, e.g. use of the word “gay” as a pejorative term
• Children find this upsetting
– Depends on where they live
• Less in the Netherlands than in the US
• Less in large cities than in rural areas and small cities
• Factors that protect children against negative effects of stigma are contact with other children with same‐sex parents, attending a school that teaches children about lesbian and gay lifestyles, and supportive parents
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