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Questions for Discussion
• #1 How can we ensure that surrogacy is as non‐exploitative as possible, and that the quality of consent from all parties is as high as possible?
• #2 Is paid surrogacy (beyond merely compensating for expenses) inevitably exploitative and problematic with regard to consent?
• #3 What special ethical problems are raised by transnational surrogacy and are these insurmountable?
• #4 How can we distinguish paid surrogacy from “baby selling”?
• #5 How can we determine fair payment levels for surrogates?
Bibliography
• Angela Ballantyne (2014) Exploitation in Cross Border Reproductive Consent, International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics, 7, pp.75‐99
• Françoise Baylis & Carolyn McLeod (eds.) (2014) Family‐making: Contemporary Ethical Challenges (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
• Monique Deveaux & Vida Panitch (eds.) (2017) Exploitation: from theory to practice (London: Rowman and Littlefield)
• Jeffrey Kirby (2014) Transnational Gestational Surrogacy: does it have to be exploitative?, American Journal of Bioethics, 5, pp.24‐32
• Vida Panitch (2013) Surrogate tourism and reproductive rights, Hypatia, 28, pp.274–289
• Vida Panitch (2013) Global Surrogacy: exploitation to empowerment, Journal of Global Ethics, pp.329‐343
• Stephen Wilkinson (2003) Bodies for Sale: ethics and exploitation in the human body trade, London: Routledge
• Stephen Wilkinson (2016) Exploitation in International Paid Surrogacy Arrangements, Journal of Applied Philosophy, 33, pp.125‐145
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